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ganesh ias class audio notes - polity NRI and PIO

Quantum computing

Since the invention of Optical fiber and Lasers, use of light in computers and communication systems is being increasingly explored. Quantum computing means using light instead of electricity for data storage and transmission. Optical communication system had brought revolution in the transmission industry and communication network.

Efforts are being made to develop Silicon Lasers to replace silicon electronic chips. This would not only improve the speed, but also give energy efficient devices. Research and development is going on to design

optoelectronic devices using optical component with silicon. The research in the field of photo-electronics would help in developing cost effective next generation devices that would use both electrons and photons to process information. The development of photo-electronic devices is being done with collaborative effort of

engineers and scientists from various fields as optics, chemistry, electronics and material science.

Apart from optical communication systems, optical devices such as optical mouse, optical hard disk, optical sensors etc. have been/are being developed to meet consumer electronic sectors.

what is Big O notion n CS??

It shows how an algorithm scales.

O(n2):

• 1 item: 1 second
• 10 items: 100 seconds
• 100 items: 10000 seconds

Notice that the number of items increases by a factor of 10, but the time increases by a factor of 102. Basically, n=10 and so O(n2) gives us the scaling factor n2 which is 102.

O(n):

• 1 item: 1 second
• 10 items: 10 seconds
• 100 items: 100 seconds

This time the number of items increases by a factor of 10, and so does the time. n=10 and so O(n)'s scaling factor is 10.

O(1):

• 1 item: 1 second
• 10 items: 1 second
• 100 items: 1 second

The number of items is still increasing by a factor of 10, but the scaling factor of O(1) is always 1.

That's the gist of it. They reduce the maths down so it might not be exactly n2 or whatever they say it is, but that'll be the dominating factor in the scaling.

Nanotechnology for dummies

Nanotechnology is a technology for building or constructing materials, devices, tools etc. in smallest or lowest possible form i.e. on the scale of atom and molecule. One nanometre is a one billionth of a meter. Nanotechnological inventions would bring enormous benefits and luxury in human life. It is widely believed that nanotechnology has got the much needed potential to be effective in terms of energy consumption besides being environment friendly. It is also expected to solve major health problems. Applications of this technology will help manufacturing products at reduced cost which will be smaller, lighter and cheaper.

The Nanotechnology is believed to be very promising in bringing solutions in the fields of health and sanitation, food security and environmental issues.